Nguva yakwana uye nzvimbo yacho yakwana, uye makambani ese emotokari emagetsi eChinese anogarwa.China inoita kunge yave musimboti weindasitiri yemotokari dzemagetsi.
Muchokwadi, muGermany, kana yuniti yako isingape mirwi yekuchaja, ungangoda kuzvitenga iwe pachako.pamusuwo.Nekudaro, isu tinogara tichikurukura kuti nei akawanda emhando yepamusoro makambani emotokari eGerman asingakwanise kugadzira Tesla, uye hazvina kuoma kuwana zvikonzero izvozvi.
Muna 2014, Muzvinafundo Lienkamp weTechnical University yeMunich akaburitsa bhuku idzva “Mamiriro emagetsi ekufamba 2014 ″, iro rakasununguka uye rakavhurika kuvanhu, ndokuti: “Kunyangwe mota dzemagetsi dzine hurema hwakasiyana, handisati ndamboona mota ine atova muridzi wemagetsi kufamba.Mutyairi wemota, pindazve mukumbundirana nemota yechivanhu.Kunyange motokari yemagetsi yakajairika inokuunzira mufaro wokutyaira, uyo usingaenzaniswi nemotokari yepeturu.”Mota yakadai inogona kunyatsoita kuti muridzi wemota asaite kuvandudzwa Kukanda kumashure mumaoko emotokari dzechinyakare?
Sezvatinoziva tese, moyo wemotokari yemagetsi ibhatiri.
Kune yakajairika mota yemagetsi, pasi peEuropean standard test, simba rekushandisa pamakiromita zana rinenge 17kWh, kureva, 17 kWh.Dr. Thomas Pesce akadzidza kushandiswa kwesimba kwemagetsi emagetsi pasi pekugadzirisa kwakanakisisa.Pasina kutarisisa mutengo, iyo yakakwana simba rekushandisa pamakiromita zana anowanikwa nekushandisa tekinoroji iripo inodarika zvishoma kupfuura 15kWh.Izvi zvinoreva kuti munguva pfupi, kuedza kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba nekugadzirisa kushanda kwemotokari pachayo, kunyange pasina kufunga nezvekuwedzera mari, simba rekuchengetedza simba rakanyanya kuduku.
Tora Tesla's 85kWh bhatiri paki semuenzaniso.Iyo yezita rekufambisa kureba ndeye 500km.Kana simba rekushandisa rakaderedzwa kusvika 15kWh/100km kuburikidza nekuedza kwakasiyana, daro rekutyaira rinogona kuwedzerwa kusvika ku560km.Nokudaro, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti hupenyu hwebheteri yemotokari yakaenzana nekukwanisa kwebheteri pack, uye chikamu chekuenzanisa chinogadziriswa.Kubva pamaonero aya, kushandiswa kwemabhatiri ane simba repamusoro (zvose simba Wh/kg per unit uremu uye simba Wh/L per unit volume inoda kutariswa) yakakosha zvikuru kuvandudza mashandiro emotokari dzemagetsi, nekuti mu motokari dzemagetsi, bhatiri rinotora chikamu chikuru chehuremu hwose.
Ese marudzi emabhatiri e-lithium-ion ndiwo anonyanya kutarisirwa uye anonyanya kushandiswa mabhatiri.Mabhatiri e lithium anoshandiswa mumotokari anonyanya kusanganisira nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary bhatiri (NCM), nickel cobalt lithium aluminate bhatiri (NCA) uye lithium iron phosphate bhatiri (LPF).
1. Nickel-cobalt lithium manganate ternary bhatiri NCMinoshandiswa nemotokari zhinji dzemagetsi kunze kwenyika nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwekugadzira kupisa kwakadzikira, kugadzikana kwakanaka, hupenyu hurefu, uye kusimba kwesimba re150-220Wh/kg.
2. NCA nickel-cobalt aluminate lithium bhatiri
Tesla anoshandisa bhatiri iri.Iyo simba density yakakwira, pa200-260Wh/kg, uye inotarisirwa kusvika 300Wh/kg munguva pfupi.Dambudziko guru nderekuti Panasonic chete inogona kubudisa bhatiri iyi panguva ino, mutengo wakakwirira, uye kuchengetedzwa kwakaipisisa pakati pemabhatiri matatu e-lithium, iyo inoda kushandiswa kwepamusoro-kushanda kupisa uye kushandiswa kwebhatiri system.
3. LPF lithium iron phosphate bhatiri Pakupedzisira, ngatitarisei bhatiri reLPF rinonyanya kushandiswa mumotokari dzemagetsi epamba.Kukanganisa kukuru kwemhando iyi yebhatiri ndeyekuti simba remagetsi rakaderera zvikuru, rinogona kusvika 100-120Wh / kg.Pamusoro pezvo, LPF zvakare ine yakakwira yekuzviburitsa mwero.Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinodiwa nevagadziri veEV.Kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kweLPF muChina kwakafanana nekukanganisika kwakaitwa nevagadziri vepamba kune anodhura bhatiri manejimendi uye kutonhora masisitimu - mabhatiri eLPF ane kugadzikana kwakanyanya uye kuchengetedzeka, uye anogona kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakagadzikana kunyangwe neasina kunaka mabhatiri masisitimu uye hupenyu hurefu hwebhatiri.Imwe bhenefiti inounzwa nechinhu ichi ndechekuti mamwe mabhatiri eLPF ane yakanyanya kuburitsa simba density, iyo inogona kuvandudza mashandiro emotokari.Uye zvakare, mutengo wemabhatiri eLPF wakaderera, saka wakakodzera kune yazvino-yekupedzisira-yekupedzisira uye yakaderera-yemutengo zano redzimba dzemagetsi mota.Asi kana ichave yakagadziridzwa zvine simba sebhatiri tekinoroji yeramangwana, pachine mubvunzo wemubvunzo.
Bhatiri repakati pemotokari yemagetsi rinofanira kuva rakakura zvakadii?Ibhatiri paki ine zviuru zvemabhatiri eTesla akateedzana uye akafanana, kana bhatiri paki yakavakwa nemabhatiri mahombe mashoma kubva kuBYD?Uyu mubvunzo uri pasi petsvagiridzo, uye parizvino hapana mhinduro chaiyo.Izvo chete hunhu hwebhatiri pack inoumbwa nemasero makuru uye madiki maseru anounzwa pano.
Kana bhatiri riri diki, nzvimbo yese yekupisa yekupisa yebhatiri ichave yakakura, uye tembiricha yebhatiri rese pack inogona kudzorwa zvinobudirira kuburikidza neyakakwana kupisa kupisa dhizaini kudzivirira kupisa kwepamusoro kuti kukurumidza uye kukanganisa kubva hupenyu hwebhatiri.Kazhinji, simba uye simba rehuwandu hwemabhatiri ane diki diki hukuru huchakwira.Chekupedzisira, uye chinonyanya kukosha, kazhinji kutaura, kushomeka kwesimba rine bhatiri rimwe chete, kunowedzera kuchengetedzwa kwemotokari yese.Bhatiri paki inoumbwa nenhamba huru yemasero madiki, kunyangwe sero rimwe rikatadza, harizokonzeresa dambudziko rakawandisa.Asi kana paine dambudziko mukati mebhatiri ine hukuru hukuru, njodzi yekuchengetedza yakanyanya.Naizvozvo, maseru makuru anoda zvimwe zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira, izvo zvinowedzera kuderedza simba remagetsi ebhatiri pack inoumbwa nemasero makuru.
Zvisinei, nemhinduro yaTesla, izvo zvisingabatsiri zviri pachena zvakare.Zviuru zvemabhatiri zvinoda yakaomesesa bhatiri manejimendi system, uye iyo yekuwedzera mutengo haigone kushomeka.Iyo BMS (Battery Management System) inoshandiswa paVolkswagen E-Gorofu, sub-module inokwanisa kubata mabhatiri gumi nemaviri, inoita madhora gumi nemaviri.Maererano nekufungidzira kwehuwandu hwemabhatiri anoshandiswa naTesla, kunyange kana mari yeBMS yakazvigadzira yakaderera, mari yekudyara kwaTesla muBMS inodarika 5,000 US madhora, inodarika 5,000% yemutengo we. motokari yose.Kubva pakuona uku, hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti bhatiri guru harina kunaka.Muchiitiko chekuti mutengo weBMS hauna kuderedzwa zvakanyanya, saizi yebhatiri pack inofanirwa kutariswa zvinoenderana nekumisikidzwa kwemotokari.
Seimwe yepakati tekinoroji mumotokari dzemagetsi, mota inowanzova musimboti wekukurukurirana, kunyanya Tesla's watermelon-size mota ine mitambo yemotokari kuita, zvinotonyanya kushamisa (simba repamusoro reModel S mota rinogona kusvika kupfuura 300kW, Iyo yakanyanya kunaka. torque ndeye 600Nm, uye simba repamusoro riri pedyo nesimba reimwe motokari yeEMU yepamusoro-soro).Vamwe vaongorori muindasitiri yemotokari yeGerman vakataura sezvizvi:
Tesla inoshandisa chero chinhu kunze kwezvakajairwa zvinhu (aluminium muviri,asynchronous mota yekufambisa, yakajairika chassis tekinoroji nemhepokuturika, ESP uye yakajairwa mabhureki system ine magetsi vacuum pombi, malaptop masero nezvimwewo)
Tesla inoshandisa ese akajairwa zvikamu, aluminium muviri, asynchronous motors, yakajairika mota chimiro, brake system uye laptop bhatiri nezvimwe.
Iyo chete yechokwadi innovation iri muhunyanzvi hwekubatanidza bhatirimasero, anoshandisa matambo ekubatanidza ayo Tesla ane patented, pamwe nebhatirimanejimendi system inogona kupenya "pamusoro pemhepo", zvichireva kuti iyomota haichada kutyaira ichienda kumusangano kuti igamuchire zvigadziriso zvesoftware.
Tesla chete nyanzvi yekugadzira iri mukubata kwavo bhatiri.Ivo vanoshandisa yakakosha bhatiri tambo, uye BMS inogonesa yakananga isina waya network pasina chikonzero chekudzokera kufekitori kunovandudza software.
Muchokwadi, Tesla's high power density asynchronous mota haisi nyowani.Mumuenzaniso wekutanga weTesla weRoadster, zvigadzirwa zveTomita Electric yeTaiwan zvinoshandiswa, uye zviyero hazvina kunyanya kusiyana nemiganhu yakaziviswa neModel S. Mukutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano, vadzidzisi vekumba nekune dzimwe nyika vane magadzirirwo emari yakaderera, yakakwirira-simba. mota dzinogona kukurumidza kuiswa mukugadzirwa.Saka kana uchitarisa pamunda uyu, dzivirira iyo ngano Tesla - Tesla mota dzakanaka zvakakwana, asi hadzina kunaka zvekuti hapana mumwe munhu anogona kuvavaka.
Pakati pemhando dzakawanda dzemota, idzo dzinowanzo shandiswa mumotokari dzemagetsi dzinonyanya asynchronous motors (inonziwo induction motors), kunze inonakidza synchronous motors, zvechigarire magineti synchronous motors uye hybrid synchronous motors.Avo vanotenda kuti mota nhatu dzekutanga dzine ruzivo nezve mota dzemagetsi dzichava nemamwe maconcepts ekutanga.Asynchronous motors ane mutengo wakaderera uye kuvimbika kwakakwira, magineti echigarire anowirirana mota ane yakakwira simba density uye kushanda zvakanaka, diki diki asi mutengo wakakwira, uye yakaoma-yekumhanya chikamu chekutonga..
Iwe unogona kunge wakanzwa zvishoma nezve hybrid synchronous motors, asi nguva pfupi yadarika, vatengesi vemotokari vazhinji vekuEurope vatanga kupa mota dzakadaro.Kuwanda kwesimba uye kushanda kwakakwirira kwazvo, uye kuwandisa kwehuwandu hwakasimba, asi kutonga hakuna kuoma, iyo inonyatsokodzera motokari dzemagetsi.
Hapana chakakosha pamota iyi.Kuenzaniswa neyechigarire magineti synchronous mota, mukuwedzera kune anogara magineti, rotor inowedzerawo mafambiro ekufambisa akafanana neyechinyakare synchronous mota.Mota yakadaro haina kungoita simba repamusoro rinounzwa negineti yekusingaperi, asi zvakare inokwanisa kugadzirisa iyo magineti zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa kuburikidza neiyo excitation winding, iyo inogona kudzorwa zviri nyore pane yega yega chikamu chekumhanya.Muenzaniso weiyo HSM1 yakatevedzana mota inogadzirwa neBRUSA kuSwitzerland.Iyo HSM1-10.18.22 characteristic curve inoratidzwa pamufananidzo uri pazasi.Simba guru ndiro 220kW uye torque yakakura i460Nm, asi vhoriyamu yayo inongova 24L (30 cm mudhayamita uye 34 cm kureba) uye inorema anenge 76kg.Iyo simba density uye torque density inofananidzwa nezvigadzirwa zveTesla.Zvechokwadi, mutengo hauna kudhura.Iyi mota ine frequency converter, uye mutengo unotenderedza 11,000 euros.
Pakudiwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi, kuunganidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemotokari kwakura zvakakwana.Chiri kushaikwa parizvino imota yakagadzirirwa mota dzemagetsi, kwete tekinoroji yekugadzira mota yakadai.Zvinotendwa kuti nekukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye kukura kwemusika, mamotor ane high power density anowedzera kufarirwa, uye mutengo unowedzera uye unowedzera pedyo nevanhu.
Pakudiwa kwemota dzemagetsi, pari zvino chete kushomeka kwemotor dzakagadzirirwa mota dzemagetsi.Zvinotendwa kuti nekukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye kukura kwemusika, mamotor ane high power density anowedzera kufarirwa, uye mutengo unowedzera uye unowedzera pedyo nevanhu.
Tsvagiridzo yemotokari dzemagetsi inoda kudzokera kune essence.Izvo zvakakosha zvemotokari dzemagetsi zvakachengeteka uye zvinokwanisika zvekufambisa, kwete mobile technology laboratory, uye hazvidi hazvo kushandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro uye yefashoni.Mukupedzisira kuongorora, inofanira kurongwa uye kugadzirwa maererano nezvinodiwa nenharaunda.
Kubuda kwaTesla kwakaratidza vanhu kuti ramangwana rinofanira kunge riri remotokari dzemagetsi.Izvo zvichange zvakaita mota dzemagetsi mune ramangwana uye kuti China ichava nechinzvimbo chipi muindasitiri yemotokari yemagetsi mune ramangwana hazvisati zvazivikanwa.Uku ndikowo kunakidza kwebasa remaindasitiri: kusiyana nesainzi yechisikigo, kunyangwe mhedzisiro isingadzivisiki inoratidzwa nemitemo yesainzi yemagariro inoda kuti vanhu vabudirire kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakaoma uye kushanda nesimba!
(Munyori: PhD mumiriri muinjiniya yemotokari yemagetsi paTechnical University yeMunich)
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-24-2022